Prof. Steinberg was born in Hoff, Germany. He studied in the Rabbinic Academy of Yeshivat Harav Kook, Jerusalem after which he studied medicine and completed his internship in the Hebrew-University Hadassa Medical School, Jerusalem.
Prof. Steinberg served as a Medical Officer in the Israeli Air Force. He was a resident in the department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek, and the department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Hospital Medical Center, Bronx, New York, after which he became a fellow in same department of the Albert Einstein College. He has acted as attending physician in Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Bikur Cholim Hospital Jerusalem, Israel.
Former director of The Schlesinger Institute, Prof. Steinberg lectures at numerous academic institutes and other forums and currently works as a physician in Pediatric Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and is the Director of The Center for Medical Ethics, Hebrew University-Hadassa Medical School, Jerusalem.
Prof. Steinberg received a variety of prizes and awards, among them the Israel Prize 1999 for his Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics. He is the author of various books on Jewish medical ethics, general medical ethics, the history of medicine and pediatric neurology.